[Kallenrode 1992 c]
Composition and azimuthal spread of solar energetic particles from impulsive
and gradual flares
M.-B. Kallenrode, E. W. Cliver and G. Wibberenz.
Composition and azimuthal spread of solar energetic particles from impulsive
and gradual flares.
Astrophysical Journal, Part 1, 391, 370-379. 1992
Contents
A list of 77 flare-associated solar energetic particle (SEP) parent flares
are classified as impulsive (25 cases) or gradual (52 cases) on the basis of
their soft X-ray durations.
The intensities of the prompt component of about 0.5 MeV electrons, about
10 MeV protons, and about 10 MeV per nucleon helium for the two
classes of SEP flares are compared.
SEPs from gradual flares have higher intensities than SEPs from impulsive
flares.
These differences are most pronounced for protons (about two orders of
magnitude), and less for electrons (about one order of magnitude), and helium
(about a factor of 5).
The SEPs from impulsive flares have a 'cone of emission' of ±50°
vs ±120° for gradual flares.
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